Ceuta : Chronology of a tragedy

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Ceuta : Chronology of a tragedy

Further Proof of Shakespeare’s Hand in ‘The Spanish Tragedy’

Marsha Miller

Douglas Bruster, a University of Texas professor, has identified various spelling patterns that he says strongly suggest that part of Thomas Kyd’s “ Spanish Tragedy” was written by Shakespeare.

For nearly two centuries, scholars have debated whether some 325 lines in the 1602 quarto edition of Thomas Kyd’s play “The Spanish Tragedy” were, in fact, written by Shakespeare.

Last year, the British scholar Brian Vickers used computer analysis to argue that the so-called Additional Passages were by Shakespeare, a claim hailed by some as the latest triumph of high-tech Elizabethan text mining.

But now, a professor at the University of Texas says he has found something closer to definitive proof using a more old-fashioned method: analyzing Shakespeare’s messy handwriting.

In a terse four-page paper, to be published in the September issue of the journal Notes and Queries, Douglas Bruster argues that various idiosyncratic features of the Additional Passages — including some awkward lines that have struck some doubters as distinctly sub-Shakespearean — may be explained as print shop misreadings of Shakespeare’s penmanship.

“What we’ve got here isn’t bad writing, but bad handwriting,” Mr. Bruster said in a telephone interview.

Claiming Shakespeare authorship can be a perilous endeavor. In 1996, Donald Foster, a pioneer in computer-driven textual analysis, drew front-page headlines with his assertion that Shakespeare was the author of an obscure Elizabethan poem called “A Funeral Elegy,” only to quietly retract his argument six years later after analyses by Mr. Vickers and others linked it to a different author.

This time, editors of some prestigious scholarly editions are betting that Mr. Bruster’s cautiously methodical arguments, piled on top of previous work by Mr. Vickers and others, will make the attribution stick.

“We don’t have any absolute proof, but this is as close as you can get,” said Eric Rasmussen, a professor at the University of Nevada, Reno, and an editor, with Jonathan Bate, of the Royal Shakespeare Company’s edition of the complete Shakespeare.

“I think we can now say with some authority that, yes, this is Shakespeare,” Mr. Rasmussen said. “It has his fingerprints all over it.”

Mr. Rasmussen and Mr. Bate are including “The Spanish Tragedy” in the Royal Shakespeare Company’s new edition of Shakespeare’s collaboratively authored plays, to be published in November. And Mr. Bruster plans to include the Additional Passages in his new edition of the Riverside Shakespeare (renamed the Bankside Shakespeare), coming in 2016.

If embraced by the broader world of Shakespeareans, the Additional Passages would become the first largely undisputed new addition to the canon since Shakespeare’s contributions to “Edward III” — another play that some have attributed to Kyd — began appearing in scholarly editions in the mid-1990s.

Acceptance is by no means assured. Three years ago, some scholars were skeptical when the Arden Shakespeare published “Double Falsehood,” an 18th-century play whose connection with a lost Shakespeare drama had long been debated, in its prestigious series.

Tiffany Stern, a professor of early modern drama at Oxford University and an advisory editor for the Arden Shakespeare, praised the empirical rigor of Mr. Bruster’s paper, but said that some new attributions were driven less by solid evidence than by publishers’ desire to offer “more Shakespeare” than their rivals.

“The arguments for ‘The Spanish Tragedy’ are better than for most” putative Shakespeare collaborations, Ms. Stern said. “But I think we’re going a bit Shakespeare-attribution crazy and shoving a lot of stuff in that maybe shouldn’t be there.”

Elizabethan theater was intensely collaborative, with playwrights often punching up old plays or working with other dramatists to cobble together new ones, in the manner of Hollywood script doctors. The 1602 Additional Passages to “The Spanish Tragedy,” inserted more than a decade after Kyd wrote the original, updated the bloody revenge play with a bit of psychological realism, which had become fashionable. (It is not known whether Kyd, who died in 1594, ever met Shakespeare.)

The idea that Shakespeare may have written the Additional Passages — which include a “Hamlet”-like scene of a grief-maddened father discoursing on the death of his son — was first broached in 1833 by Samuel Taylor Coleridge. But that claim remained a distinctly minority position well into the 20th century, even as scholars began using sophisticated computer software to detect subtle linguistic patterns that seemed to link the passages to Shakespeare’s other work.

Mr. Bruster said he himself was a skeptic until he read Mr. Vickers’s 2012 article, which presented voluminous circumstantial historical evidence alongside linguistic patterns unearthed by software designed to uncover student plagiarism.

“I had to rethink my entire position,” Mr. Bruster said. “His arguments based on literary history were just so strong.”

Mr. Bruster was less persuaded by the linguistic parallels, which he calls merely “suggestive.” And so he turned to perhaps the most literal source of authority: Shakespeare’s own pen.

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Further Proof of Shakespeare’s Hand in ‘The Spanish Tragedy’

The subtle signs of California family"s tragedy

• 16-year-old Hannah Anderson is reunited with her father


• “They didn’t fit,” a horseback rider says of seeing Hannah and her alleged abductor


• The teenager is rescued in the Idaho wilderness


• An FBI tactical agent shot and killed suspect James DiMaggio

San Diego (CNN) — When James DiMaggio died in a confrontation with an FBI tactical agent deep in the Idaho wilderness this weekend, he took with him the reason why he killed a family friend and her son — and took her 16-year-old daughter captive.

His weeklong run with the teen, Hannah Anderson, spurred an intense and frantic manhunt that spanned from Southern California to Central Idaho.

It came to an end Saturday afternoon when a tip from horseback riders sent FBI agents swarming to the camping spot outside Cascade.

Hannah did not appear to have significant physical injuries — and was reunited with her father Sunday.

“Obviously we would have liked for Mr. DiMaggio to surrender and face justice in the court of law,” San Diego County Sheriff Bill Gore said. “But that’s not going to be the case.”

But there were some signs, Hanna’s grandparents said — signs that DiMaggio was infatuated with Hannah and signs he was trying to lure the family to his home in rural San Diego County, near the Mexican border

Interest in Hannah

The signs were subtle, according to grandparents Ralph and Sara Britt, also of San Diego.

“He seemed to enjoy being with Hannah and her friends … more and more,” Ralph Britt said, shaking his head. “But he’s been with the kids for years.”

DiMaggio’s friendship with the family predated Hannah’s birth.

“There was no danger sign, nothing that you would act on, say it was wrong,” he said. “It was just friendly.”

But a friend of Hannah’s said she saw a different side to the relationship between DiMaggio and the teen.

Marissa Chavez told CNN that she was in a car with Hannah and DiMaggio, 40, a few months ago when he told Hannah he had a crush on her.

He followed it up by saying if he was her age, he would date Hannah, Chavez said.

Hannah was unnerved by the comments, but did not tell her mother because she did not want to ruin the close relationship that her parents had with DiMaggio, Chavez said.

But Hannah did not want to be alone with DiMaggio after that, according to Chavez.

“I don’t think she would have gone willingly with him at all,” she said.

In an earlier episode, Chavez recalled a trip that DiMaggio and Hannah took to Hollywood.

The trip was supposed to be for one week, but Hannah told Chavez that they came back after two days because DiMaggio was upset that she wasn’t paying enough attention to him.

‘Uncle Jim’

The family’s relationship with DiMaggio had been long and close. Hannah referred to him as “Uncle Jim.”

Her grandmother, Sara Britt, said DiMaggio would have done anything for them and they would have returned the favor.

“My message is to parents: Just be more aware, more conscious of what’s going on,” Britt said. “Life gets busy, but take the time. If anything, learn something from this and that is just to be more aware for your children.”

Ralph Britt added: “I guess you can’t really tell the book by its cover,” he said. “It was just complete shock. We didn’t have any idea. I don’t know what you would look for.”

House foreclosed

In the weeks before DiMaggio’s home in rural San Diego County went up in flames, he pleaded for the Andersons to visit him one last time.

He had lost the home to foreclosure and said he was moving back to Texas.

“We feel it was planned at this point based on the information that’s out there,” said Sara Britt. “It’s so unfortunate. Apparently he tried to get her up there before, but she couldn’t go and so … she went, took the dog and the kids.”

Hannah went missing after cheerleading practice in San Diego County, California, on August 3.

The next day, the bodies of her mother, Christina Anderson, 42, and 8-year-old brother, Ethan, were found about 45 miles east in DiMaggio’s burned house in Boulevard. The body of a dog was also recovered, police said.

That horror spurred an Amber Alert and a manhunt, which zeroed in on central Idaho after two critical clues: the discovery of DiMaggio’s blue Nissan Versa outside the city of Cascade and a sighting of the pair by horseback riders.

‘Red flags‘

One of the horseback riders on Sunday described multiple “red flags” that were raised during their brief interaction with the pair, including their brand-new camping equipment and the pajama-like bottoms Hannah was wearing.

Mark John recalled the interaction as “just like a square peg going into a round hole. They didn’t fit.”

Another rider, Mike Young, said it looked like Hannah “had a scared look on her face,” adding about DiMaggio: “I just had a gut feeling about him.”

Unaware of the Amber Alert, however, the horseback riders continued on, and only after seeing a news report on the pair upon returning home did the group put the puzzle pieces together.

“When I seen that picture on the screen, I told my wife, I said, ‘That is the girl that was up on that mountain,’” John recalled.

Hundreds of law enforcement agents scoured 300 square miles of rough terrain, hampered by the smoke from nearby wildfires.

Key moments in the manhunt

The rescue

Late Saturday afternoon, they spotted the pair’s campsite near Morehead Lake, Idaho. But the topography was so steep, helicopters had to drop authorities off far away from the camp.

Hostage rescue teams had to hike more than two hours to get to the scene, local sheriffs’ departments said.

They moved in carefully so they wouldn’t alert DiMaggio that they were coming.

“Once the teams set up, they waited until DiMaggio and Hannah separated and moved in,” the Valley and Ada county sheriffs’ offices said.

Authorities ushered Hannah to an area where a helicopter could whisk her away.

At some point, a “confrontation” ensued between authorities and DiMaggio, Gore said. The confrontation ended when an FBI tactical agent shot and killed the murder and kidnapping suspect.

‘Hannah is safe’

Hannah didn’t appear to have significant physical injuries, but was immediately taken to a hospital. She was reunited with her father, Brett Anderson on Sunday.

“Hannah is safe, and that was our first priority from the very beginning,” Valley County, Idaho, Sheriff Patti Bolen said.

In his text to CNN, Anderson expressed a range of emotions upon hearing of his daughter’s rescue soon after his wife and son’s death.

“I am nervous excited saddened 4 my wife and son and worried what my daughter has been through,” he wrote.

Bittersweet outcome

Grief over the deaths of Hannah’s mother and brother gave way to euphoria after the teen was found alive.

“We’re very excited,” Sara Britt said Sunday. “Just ecstatic. Jubilation. We couldn’t ask for anything more. This is the outcome we wanted.”

But the outcome was also bittersweet for Britt and her husband who lost their daughter Christina and grandson Ethan in the ordeal.

DiMaggio was such good friends with the family that Brett Anderson said he can’t reconcile the man he knows with the crimes he is suspected of.

“I have been through every scenario in my brain,” Anderson said. “There was nothing ever to show any indication of this.”

DiMaggio joined the family on campouts and was always friendly toward them, he said.

“I can’t fathom what happened in Jim’s head. He obviously just lost it,” Anderson said.

CNN’s Greg Botelho, Holly Yan, Gregg Canes, Miguel Marquez, AnneClaire Stapleton, Mariano Castillo and Alicia Eakin contributed to this report.

CNN.com Recently Published/Updated

The subtle signs of California family"s tragedy

Triumph and Tragedy in the Kennedy Family After J.F.K."s Assassination

U.S. justices play Shakespeare tragedy for laughs

By Lawrence Hurley

WASHINGTON | Tue May 14, 2013 2:11pm EDT

WASHINGTON (Reuters) – U.S. Supreme Court justices on Monday evening sought laughs rather than legal clarity as they weighed a tragic case concerning a despotic Roman general and his overbearing mother.

The three justices were taking part in a mock trial at Washington’s Shakespeare Theatre based on William Shakespeare’s “Coriolanus,” a bleak tragedy set in ancient Rome that is currently being staged at the theater.

It’s an annual tradition for justices to participate in the event.

This year, they were Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Justice Stephen Breyer, Justice Samuel Alito and four appeals court judges.

In the case, prominent Washington lawyers Lisa Blatt and Seth Waxman represented a British-style tabloid newspaper and Coriolanus’ estate respectively. The estate sought damages for the newspaper’s attacks on the general.

The court ruled in favor of the newspaper. The margin was 5-2 in the fictitious libel case based on the play, with Ginsburg and the appeals judges in the majority and Breyer and Alito dissenting.

Breyer had his right arm in a sling, still recovering from a bicycle accident last month in which he fractured his shoulder.

All three justices entered into the lighthearted spirit of the event. Suggesting that life imitates art, Alito joked that when he reads the newspaper, “It’s impossible to separate facts from fiction.”

Breyer, meanwhile, observed that the only Latin he could remember from school was: “O ubi, o ubi est meus sub ubi,” which, when translated into English, sounds to a schoolboy’s ears like “Oh where, oh where is my underwear.”

(Reporting by Lawrence Hurley; Editing by Howard Goller and Cynthia Osterman)

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Reuters: Oddly Enough

U.S. justices play Shakespeare tragedy for laughs